Showing posts with label Europe. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Europe. Show all posts

Friday, November 1, 2019

Cryptids and Myths: Vampiers..

                     Hotel Transylvania Mavis 2 by alecyl on Deviantart  Mavis Dracula art by alecyl
                                 

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Human history is filled with unexplained event's and creatures beyond imagination.

From childhood and onward we go through our lives in fear what lurks within the shadow just out of sight, from the monster under the bed, to the boogeyman and every-other monster imaginable whether real or imagined in ancient times this was an advantageous means of survival against very real threats wolves bears ext. This survival  mechanism has been deeply ingrained into our psyche

But what may be hiding in the darkness just out of sight waiting for you..

Vampires....The immortal undead with an unsavory taste for human blood.

There have been many famous monsters through  out human history, but none so recognizable as the Vampire. Through classic Myth, Legend and folklore to modern  TV, Movies,  Dramas and more this creature of the night has haunted our imaginations since time immemorial..

Every culture around the world has legends regarding the Vampire in one form or another..




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============ European  Vampire =======
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The vampire is a reanimated corpse that feeds on the blood of the living to prevent its body from decomposing.

 The slender  pale-skinned vampire we know of to today is a relatively new interpretation of this creature that started around the  early 19th century with the publication of (The Vampyre ) — a short story by John Polidori  in 1819.

In the original vampire legend from  Eastern Europe the creature was described as a bloated corpse  with  dark or ruddy skin as a result from feeding on blood. 



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=Somewhat Graphic Description ahead==
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When the body of a suspected vampire was disinterred (dug up), it would sometimes look as if it  hadn't decomposed at all, often the   hair, teeth and fingernails appear too have grow longer.

Other times the body would look, bloated with blood seeping from the nose and mouth.

Today we know now this is just common  decomposition with the  rate of decomposition   varying  slightly  depending  on number of different factors.

Normally temperature and soil composition; decrease or accelerate the rate dead flesh loses fluids, which in turn causes it to pull back exposing  the roots of hair, teeth and nails; and that gases from decomposition build up in the torso, making the body look bloated and forcing blood to ooze from the nose and mouth.

Common beliefs about vampires include that they are most active at night, but not necessarily vulnerable to sunlight. Garlic, crucifixes and holy water were common devices for warding off vampire attacks .

 It was believed that driving a wooden stake into the body would somehow release the evil spirit, with decapitation also being a way to hasten the evil soul's departure. in some areas they would piece the heart with a pin before burial others would drive a stake through the heart regardless of vampire sighting in the area as a sort of preventative measure.
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======Russian and East Europe===============================
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The Russian upir and the Greek vrykolakas. In these traditions, sinners, unbaptized babies and other people outside the Christian faith were more likely to be reanimated after death.

Those who practiced witchcraft were particularly susceptible because they had already given their soul to the devil in life. Once the undead corpses rose from the grave, they would terrorize the community, feeding on the living.

Western Europe, has the vampir, or vampyr,  Russian upir and Romania the Strigoi.





                                        
                                                      -`-`-`-`-`-` Strigoi-`-`-`-``-`-


Vampires in Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania (now modern  Romania) were called strigoi.

Strigoi were almost always human spirits who had returned from the dead.

Unlike the upir or vrykolakas, the strigoi would pass through different stages after rising from the grave. Initially, a strigo might be a poltergeist like being tormenting its former family members by moving furniture around. After some time, it would eventually  become visible, looking just  the way it  did in life.

After returning to physical form , the strigo would return to its family once more, and torment them in various ways such as  stealing cattle, begging for food and bringing disease. Strigoi would feed on humans, first their family members and then anyone else they happened to come across. In some accounts, the strigoi would suck their victims' blood directly from the heart.


Initially, a strigo needed to return to the grave regularly, just like an upir.

If the town people suspected someone of being a strigo, they would exhume the body and burn it, or run spikes through it. But after seven years, if a strigo was still around, it could live wherever it pleased. It was said that strigoi would travel to distant towns to begin new lives as ordinary people, and that these secret vampires would meet with each other in weekly gatherings. similar to a witches gathering....


In the middle-ages people that lost  there lives to  the Black Plague where thought to be victims of vampire attacks.

Much like the Witch hunts and werewolf hunts that proceeded it Vampire hysteria was running rampant  Europe during the 17th and 18th century.

People would often  reported seeing their dead relatives walking around and attacking the living. This got so bad that authorities began digging up  graves, burning and staking the corpses.

Word of the vampire scare eventually  spread to western Europe, leading to  academic speculations on the creatures, as well as vampire poems and paintings. These works in turn inspired an Irishman named Bram Stoker to write his vampire novel, "Dracula."






                                                     Bela Lugosi as Dracula




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When you mention the word Vampire most people automatically think of Dracula.

Based on Vlad The Impaler , though not actually a vampire was none the less just as feared by his enemies .



Vlad III Dracula, Also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Dracula, He is considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian (Modern Romania)  history and a national hero of Romania.
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The Count St Germain was said to possibly be a vampire...

Germain was a European adventurer and traveler, with an interest in alchemy and science.

He associated with several members of European high society  in the mid-1700s.

It was said that Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel considered him to be "one of the greatest philosophers who ever lived".

 St. Germain used a variety of names and titles, an accepted practice among royalty and nobility at the time. These include the Marquis de Montferrat, Comte Bellamarre, Chevalier Schoening, Count Weldon, Comte Soltikoff, Graf Tzarogy, and Prinz Ragoczy. In order to deflect inquiries

 ......Germains life across the pond...

Vampires, werewolf's (Loupgaru) witch craft and voodoo can all be found in New Orleans

But was Jacque St. Germain an alchemic genius that discovered the secret too immortality or was he in fact a vampire?

St Germains or at least a man claiming too be him moved into a  home located at 1039 Royal Street in New Orleans.



                                                        ...Germains house..


St. Germain was  lady’s man, often seen with a beautiful woman on his arm while strolling through the French Quarter, or clubbing in elegant locales late into the night.

 He would in throwing dinner parties for the members of the city’s high society   .

His parties were highly anticipated due to their lavish cuisine, fine wine, and entertainment. St. Germain fascinated his guests with stories of France, Italy, Africa, and many other places

 During dinner he would tell tales his guests tales of his adventures around the world.

However he seemed to have an odd habit of not eating  at his own party's, choosing only to drink presumably wine from a chalice instead,  this coupled with his uncanny resemblance to the Comte St. Germain portrait that hung in his home, had many in the city suggesting (Jokingly at first) that perhaps the mysterious man was in fact a vampire.

 
These rumors would soon take dark turn,.

One night the police were called to St. Germain’s home to investigate  a woman who had seemingly fallen from his balcony on the second floor.

His guest, that night was a woman who was rumored to have been a prostitute, had in fact leapt from his balcony, rather than fallen, as bystanders had originally recounted .

While she survived the fall, she was terrified.  People on the street surrounded her and tended to her needs while help was called .

 Hysterical, the woman ranted that she had jumped to escape St. Germain, who had bitten her neck. She screamed and sobbed out her story, claiming she was only able to escape when her assailant was briefly distracted by aloud knocking on his door.

Police at first did not believe her as Germain was a well respected member of the community after all.

However he soon completely vanished from the city..

After witch according too legends The police went too investigate   and on the second floor of the house they discovered a series of open but corked wine bottles. filled with a  mixture of wine and large quantities of human blood.

Jacque St. Germain was allegedly never seen in New Orleans again...
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;;;;;;;ON A SIDE NOTE;;;;;;;
Saint Germain-Wine bar is located at  3054 St Claude Ave. Opens at 5.00PM  :)
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                                                        ~~~~~'St Germain`~~~~
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======= Asian Vampire===
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China

Jiangshi or Hopping Vampire
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Korea -Gangsi

Hangul  -  강시

Hanja -   殭屍
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Japan - Kyonshi
Kana キョンシー
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             =======Jiangshi== The Hopping Vampire=====


 A jiangshi, is also known as a Chinese "hopping vampire" but it's more like a type of zombie.

Jiangshi" is read geung-si in Cantonese, Phi Dip Chin in Thai, cương thi in Vietnamese, gangsi in Korean, kyonshī in Japanese, and "hantu pocong" in Malay and Indonesia.

It is usually described as a stiff corpse dressed in official garments  from the Qing Dynasty and it moves around by hopping, with its arms outstretched. It kills living creatures to absorb their qi/chi, or "life force", usually at night, during the day, it rests in a coffin or hides in dark places abandon buildings caves etc.

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A Jiangshi's appearance can range from somewhat normal  (Someone that was just recently buried to horrifying (rotting flesh  and / or full rigor mortise typical of corpses that has been in the ground for an extended piriod of time.

. The Chinese character for "jiang" (僵) in "jiangshi" literally means "hard" or "stiff". It is believed that the jiangshi is so stiff that it cannot bend its limbs and body, so it has to move around by hopping while keeping its arms stretched out for mobility.

Jiangshi are depicted in popular culture to have a paper Talisman (with a sealing spell) attached to and hanging off the forehead in portrait orientation, and wear a coat-like robe and round-top tall rimmed hat characteristic of a mandarin  (Chinese official from the Qing dynasty).

Its is often described as having a  greenish-white skin; one theory is that this greenish color comes from mold or fungus on the deceased body

 It is also  said to have long white hair  and may behave like an animal.

 The influence of western vampire stories brought the blood-sucking aspect to the Chinese myth in more modern times also sometimes combined with the story's of the hungry ghost.

However in traditional versions of the creature  they only feed on the qi (Lfe Force) of the  living  in order to grow more powerful.


Jiangshi are also sad to be terrified d of there own reflections.


Jiangshi in modern media

These creatures though not as prevalent in media as there western counterpart have been in many Anime, games and moves of the years..


Anime Yozakura Quartet and   Rosario+ Vampire



                           ==========Rin Azuma from Yozakura Quartet======

                           and below is LingLing from Rosario+ Vampire
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Vampires like most monsters can be found on every continent so don't stay out too late and  maybe cary some garlic just in case lol

.......


Saturday, October 19, 2019

A short history of Witches ...





                             ---Halloween pinup witches rarity by alkven- on deviantart---



The Halloween season is in full swing and what's one of first images that comes too mind
 when you think of Halloween, ?..

For most people its a witch flying across  the moon light sky ...

Witches to today are seen as one of the most iconic symbols of this holiday .




But in the past those unfortunate enough to be labeled as such often met with a gruesome end.
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Deep in the forest lies a cabin surrounded by tree's and often shrouded in the mist..this is where you find the woodwives or the forest witch...

In times long ago  people sought out witches for versus reasons some for medicinal  cures,  others for  potions and  tonics and even curses.






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Some would shoot arrows into the forest with messages attached,  hoping for the witches within too grant there wishes.

No matter where you go, witches exist is some form or another, In the UK the druids and Celts, in Europe before Christianity took hold those that practiced the old ways could be found all over the continent .

In modern times witchcraft / wicca is not viewed as poorly as it once was.

However witchcraft in many regions around the world  is still largely views as evil do to the stigma placed upon it by the church.

However that was not always the case, witches at one point were healers and nursemaids, versed in herbal cures.

Some were said to have the ability of prophesy or divination foretelling events that have yet to occur..
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History and biblical accounts.....


Exactly when the term "witches" was first used in a historical scene is unclear, but one of the earliest records of a witch can be found in the Bible in the book of 1 Samuel, thought to be written sometime between 931 B.C. and 721 B.C.

It tells of a time  when King Saul sought the Witch of Endor to summon the dead prophet Samuel’s spirit to help him defeat the Philistine army.

The witch was said to have brought forth Samuel, who then prophesied the death of Saul and his sons. The next day, according to the Bible, Saul’s sons died in battle, and Saul committed suicide.


                                    Saul and the witch of Endor


Other Old Testament verses condemning witches, include the well known verse from Exodus 22:18, which says, “thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.” Additional Biblical passages caution against divination, chanting or using witches to contact the dead. basically if  the church doesn't support it it's Eeeevvviiillll....

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============== The Malleus Maleficarum================
The Witches Hammer..Or Hammer of Witches depending on translation
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The Malleus Maleficarum was written by a Catholic clergyman named Heinrich Kramer (under his Latinized name Henricus Institoris) and  submitted to the University of Cologne on May 9th, 1487 then then later  published in the German city of Speyer shortly after.

Between the years 1500 and 1660, the witch hystaria claimed the lives of up to 80,000 suspected witches in Europe.

Roughly 80 percent of the victims  were women thought to have formed a pact with the Devil. Germany had the highest witchcraft execution rate, while Ireland had the lowest.

The “Malleus Maleficarum"  tells of ways  to identify, hunt and interrogate suspected witches.

"Malleus Maleficarum" labeled witchcraft as heresy in the eyes of the church, and quickly became the go to source on information for Protestants and Catholics trying to flush out witches living among them.

For more than a century, this book out sold every other book in  Europe with the exception of  the Bible.

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Scoltland would go on to have it' own version of the Malleus Maleficarum Written by King James the first called Demonology.


One of the earliest Scottish witch trials was hat of Janet Boyman a local  healer who was charged with sorcery, witchcraft and consorting with fairies.

Boyman, who was executed in 1572, predicted the death of the country’s regent, bore “five bairns” allegedly without feeling any pain and appealed to elvish spirits in hopes of curing a sick man.


Scotland experienced four major witch hunts between roughly 1590 and 1727.

Horne and her daughter were both  arrested and imprisoned in Dornoch in Sutherland on the accusations of her neighbors. At the time Horne was showing signs of senility, and her daughter had a deformity of her hands and feet.

The trial was conducted very quickly; the sheriff  had judged both her and her daughter  guilty and sentenced them to death by means of being  burned at the stake.

The daughter managed to escape, but Janet was stripped, smeared with tar, paraded through the town on a barrel and then burned alive. Nine years after her death the witchcraft acts were repealed in Scotland.

 Janet Horne was the last person in Scotland to be executed for witchcraft, she was burned at the stake in 1727.


The Witch's Stone in Littletown, Dornoch, marks the alleged spot of Horne's execution.

During the Scottish witch craze as many as 4,000 people lost there lives..

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Britans Last Witch..


                                                                  Helen Duncann

Helen Duncan a spiritual medium famous at the time for her séances, was arrested and tried and jailed for witchcraft... she is now best known as the last person to be imprisoned under the British Witchcraft Act of 1735


In November 1941, Duncan held a séance in Portsmouth  when she claimed the spirit materialization of a sailor told her that the HMS Barham had been sunk.

 Because the sinking of HMS Barham  was revealed, in strict confidence, only to the relatives of casualties, and not announced to the public until late January 1942, the Navy   took an interest in her activities as a possible thereat.

Soon after two lieutenants were seated among her audience at a séance on 14 January 1944. One was  Lieutenant Worth who was not impressed as a white cloth figure had appeared behind the curtains claiming to be his aunt but he had no deceased aunt. In the same sitting another figure appeared claiming to be his sister but Worth replied his sister was alive and well.

Worth was disgusted by the séance and reported it to the police. This was followed up on January 19th, when undercover policemen arrested her at another séance as a white-shrouded manifestation  appeared.

This proved to be Duncan herself, in a white cloth which she attempted to conceal when discovered, and she was arrested.

In 1944, Duncan was one of the last people convicted under the Witchcraft Act which made falsely claiming to procure spirits a crime. She was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. When convicted, she cried out "I have done nothing; is there a God?"


On her release in 1945, Duncan promised to stop conducting séances, but she was arrested during another one in 1956. She died at her home in Edinburgh not long after

 Duncan's trial almost certainly the main contributing factor  to the repeal of the Witchcraft Act, which was contained in the Frauulaent Medium Act of 195, promoted by Walter Monslow, a  Labour party Memmber of Parliament for Barrow-in-Furness However the campaign to repeal the Act had  been led for the most part by Thomas Brooks  another Labour MP, who was a spiritualist. Duncan's original conviction still stood, and it was the subject of a sustained campaign to have it overturne

Helen Duncan passed away on December 6th 1956.


                                         ===========================
                                       =====American Witch Hysteria ======








As the witch hysteria was slowly dying down in Europe, a new form was about to take hold in the New World...

The witch trials held in  Salem Massachusetts in 1692  were arguably the most well know in the US but not the only one to take place here.
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In 1647 a woman named Alse Young from Windsor, Connecticut was the first person in America to be executed for witchcraft. Before Connecticut’s final witch trial took place in 1697, forty-six people were accused of witchcraft in that state and 11 were put to death.







======


The Salem Trials.....


The  Salem Witch Trials are one of Americas darkest moments in history it all began when 9-year-old Elizabeth Parris and 11-year-old Abigail Williams began suffering from strange fits, body contortions and uncontrolled screaming (today, it is believed that they were poisoned by a fungus that caused spasms and delusions).

As more young women began to exhibit symptoms, mass hysteria soon too root, and three women were accused of witchcraft: Sarah Good, Sarah Osborn and Tituba, an slaved woman owned by Parris’s father. Tituba confessed to being a witch and began accusing others of using black magic.

 On June 10, Bridget Bishop became the first accused witch to be put to death during the Salem Witch Trials when she was hanged at the Salem gallows. By the time this all died down, roughly 200  people were accused and 20 were put to death. most of the accused were woman but there were also  six men  convicted in all over 200 were accused and jailed (Many  died in jail before there trial)  19 were executed at the gallows and one has crushed to death with heavy stones.


Home of Judge Jonathan Corwin  Corwin served on the Court  hearings that ultimately sent 19 Innocent people to the gallows. -----

NOTE Bridget Bishop the first victim was sentenced under Judge Nathaniel Saltonstall, who resigned after her  execution.
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In 1711, after judge Samuel Sewall and others involved in the Salem witch trials had admitted wrongdoing, the colony restored the good names of all accused and granted restitution to their heirs.


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People in Virginia at the time seemed far more rational about witches. In Lower Norfolk County in 1655, a law was passed making it a crime to falsely accuse someone of witchcraft. Still, witchcraft was a concern. About two-dozen witch trials (mostly of women) took place in Virginia between 1626 and 1730. None of the accused were executed.


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Modern witch hunts....


Three woman were surrounded and beaten, in Gujarat in 2014, sadly this was one of thousands of witch hunts that take place in India on a regular bases .

More than 2,500 Indians have been chased, tortured and killed in these hunts between 2000 and 2016, according to India’s National Crime Records Bureau. Activists and journalists say the number is much higher, because most states don’t list witchcraft as a motive of murder.

Witch hunts primarily target women and exploit India’s caste system. The accusations of sorcery are used to oust women from there land  Witches is  also blamed for the  rising infant mortality rates and deaths from malaria, typhoid and cholera.





Modern day superstiton and stigma can be just as harsh and violent as it was in the
midelages...

Monday, September 9, 2019

Fairy Lore: The Moss People









                                                 Fairy Lore: The Moss People

Fairy, Faerie, Fay, Wee Folk Sprit, Pixie or whatever you choose too call them
The little people seem too  come in all shapes and sizes and just as numerous as the stars
above us.

Today's post is about the Moss People..


Deep in forest's of Germany and Switzerland live tiny butterfly like beings

Throughout  history  people have claimed to see small winged creatures human like in appearance but
minuscule and sporting  a pair of small butterfly like wings, these are the Moss People. a similar
creature has also been seen in  Africa and Polynesia.

They are beings of nature not elemental, but still very close too the land in which they inhabit
there favorite season's, or at least the one's they seem too be most active are spring and summer.





They are very curious, but also cautious and tend to shy away from people for the most part, but

 this was not always the case.



According to legend, these little people would occasionally borrow items from people or ask for help but would always compensate the owners generously, often with either good advice or bread. It was, however, easy to anger such wood-sprites, either by spurning their gifts (which might be the compensations named above) or by giving them caraway bread – of which they had a particular hatred, often being heard to utter the doggerel rhyme "Kümmelbrot, unser Tod!" ("Caraway bread, our death!").

In certain myths, the moss people  would ask humans for breast milk to feed their young,  or steal  human children This also ties into some myths surrounding Changelings (Where a Fairy kidnaps a human child and leave s an infant fay in its place....


Moss people, especially the females, are said too posses the ability to send plagues with one hand, and  too cure someone of the plague with the other hand.

During out breaks the Holzfräulein ("Wood ladies") would emerge from the forest to show the people which medicinal herbs could cure or ward off the plague.


They were often but not always the target of the "Wild Hunt ".

 According to folklore, in order to escape the hunt they would enter the trees that woodsmen have marked with a cross, the one's slated to be cute down



The moss people are similar to Hamadryads

Their lives are linked with trees; if  the inner bark of a tree is  loosened or damaged  a Wood-woman dies.


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According to Jacob Grimm co author of "Grimm's Fairy Tails"  aka The Brothers Grimm...
"Between Leidhecken and Dauernheim in the Wetterau stands the high mountain, and on it a stone, der welle fra gestoil (the wild woman's chairs); there is an impression on the rock, as of the limbs of human sitters. The people say the wild folk lived there 'wei di schtan noch mell warn,' while the stones were still soft; afterwards, being persecuted, the man ran away, the wife and child remained in custody at Dauernheim until they died."
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According to writer  Ludwig Bechstein....

The female Moss people, or in German the  Moosfräulein ("Moss ladies"), have a queen named  the  (Buschgrossmutter; "Shrub Grandmother").   Ludwig Bechstein describes her in his folktale 551:
"According to certain tales of the peasantry, a demonic creature dwells near Leutenburg and on the left bank of river Saale, called the Buschgroßmutter ("Shrub Grandmother").


She has many daughters, called Moosfräuleins ("Moss ladies"), with whom she roves around the country at certain times and upon certain holy nights. It is not good to meet her, for she has wild, staring eyes and crazy, unkempt hair. Often she drives around in a little cart or waggon, and at such times it is wise to stay out of her way. Children, in particular, are afraid of this Putzmommel (hooded, female bogey  and delight in whispering tales of her to frighten each other. She is essentially the same spirit as Hulda or Bertha, the Wild Huntress – to whom local tales ascribe a following of children under the guise of the Heimchen (dwarves, pixies or hobgoblins) who constitute her attendants in the area she frequents."



 =======================================================================










For the people that respect nature and the environment around them, the moss people well bring good luck.

So the next time you go hiking or camping in the summer, be mindful of your surroundings and keep an eye out... you may just see one of them, but keep in mind they seem to prefer hiding in  moss or the darker foliage of nearby tree's. watch for there wings (Very Similar to that of a Monarch Butterfly)

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They are thought to live  mostly in Germany and Switzerland, but these small butterfly like fairys have been seen  in other country's as well.

They are sometimes referred to as Flying Leaves, Greenies, or just Butterly Faeries.


In German  the words Schrat and Waldschrat are also used for a moss person. Old Norsewold be  skratti, or "goblin".)

In some area's they are sometimes described as being similar to Dwarves, or being the same size as children, but "grey and old-looking, hairy, and covered in moss sometimes, they can be seen as bigger. (child size) or as small as butterfly's depending of the region and which version of the story's you hear.


Tuesday, August 27, 2019

The Naiad; Water Nymph



                                                                      Naiad


The Greek word is Ναϊάς  Naiás, pronounced na͜a.i.ás, plural Ναϊάδες  Naiades,  (na͜a.i.ád.es) It derives from νάειν (náein), "to flow", or νᾶμα (nãma), "running water". "Naiad" has several English pronunciations.. ˈneɪæd neɪəd,  naɪæd, naɪəd.

In Greek mythology, the Naiads (Ancient Greek: Ναϊάδες) were a type of water nymph (female spirit) who presided over fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of fresh water.  They are distinct from river gods, who embodied rivers, and the very ancient spirits that inhabited the still waters of marshes, ponds and lagoon-lakes, such as pre-Mycenaean Lerna in the Argolid.

Naiads were associated with fresh water, as the (Oceanids) were with saltwater and the Nereids specifically with the Mediterranean, but because the Greeks thought of the world's waters as all one system, which percolated in from the sea in deep cavernous spaces within the earth, there was some overlap. Arethusa, the nymph of a spring, could make her way through subterranean flows from the Peloponnesus, to surface on the island of Sicily.

                                               It is considered a bad omen to capture a naiad


They were often the object of archaic local cults, worshiped as essential to humans. Boys and girls at coming-of-age ceremonies dedicated their childish locks to the local naiad of the spring. In places like Lerna their waters' ritual cleansing were credited with magical medical properties. Animals were ritually drowned there. Oracles might be situated by ancient springs.

Naiads could also be dangerous,  Hylas of the Argo's crew was lost when he was taken by naiads fascinated by his beauty...

 The naiads were also known to exhibit jealous tendencies. Theocritus' story of naiad jealousy was that of a shepherd, Daphnis, who was the lover of Nomia or Echenais; Daphnis had on several occasions been unfaithful to Nomia and as revenge she permanently blinded him. Salmacis forced the youth Hermaphroditus into a carnal embrace and, when he sought to get away, fused with him.  The water nymph associated with particular springs was known all through Europe in places with no direct connection with Greece, surviving in the Celtic wells of northwest Europe that have been rededicated to Saints, and in the medieval Melusine.

Walter Burkert points out, "When in the Iliad  Zeus calls the gods into assembly on Mount Olympus, it is not only the well-known Olympians who come along, but also all the nymphs and all the rivers; Okeanos alone remains at his station  hearers recognized this impossibility as the poet's hyperbole, which proclaimed the universal power of Zeus over the ancient natural world: "the worship of these deities," Burkert confirms, "is limited only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality.


In another legend a mythic king is credited with marrying a naiad and founding a city: it was the newly arrived Hellenes justifying their presence. The loves and rapes of Zeus, according to Graves' readings, record the supplanting of ancient local cults by Olympian ones (Graves 1955, passim). Fountain of the Naiads, Piazza della Repubblica, Rome, Italy  So, in the back-story of the myth of Aristaeus, Hypseus, a king of the Lapiths, married Chlidanope, a naiad, who bore him Cyrene.

 Aristaeus had more than ordinary mortal experience with the naiads: when his bees died in Thessaly, he went to consult them. His aunt Arethusa invited him below the water's surface, where he was washed with water from a perpetual spring and given advice.   

St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans was formerly known as Nyades Street, and is parallel to Dryades Street.       


                                              Gioacchino Pagliei The Naiads 1881




Types of Naiad
 
Crinaeae (fountains)   
Eleionomae (marshes)   
Limnades or Limnatides (lakes)   
Pegaeae (springs)   
Potameides (rivers) 

Diferent kinds of Nymph         
Alseid   
Auloniad   
Aurai   
Crinaeae   
Dryads   
Eleionomae   
Hamadryads   
Hesperides   
Limnades   
Lampads   
Meliae.   
Naiads   
Napaeae   
Nereids   
Oceanids   
Oreads   
Pegaeae   
Pegasides   
Pleiades   
Potamides  
  

Other Water Types  
   
Camenae   
The Lady of the Lake   
Melusine   
Mermaid   
Nix   
Ondine   
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Friday, May 31, 2019

La Befana... The Christmas Witch

La Befana: The Christmas Witch





In Italian folklore, Befana is an old woman who delivers gifts to children throughout Italy on Epiphany Eve (the night of January 5) in a similar way to St Nicholas or Santa Claus.

A popular belief is that her name comes from the Feast of Epiphany or in Italian La Festa dell'Epifania. Epiphania (Epiphany in English) is a Latin word with Greek origins. "Epiphany" means either the "Feast of the Epiphany" (January 6) or "manifestation (of the divinity) Some also suggest that Befana is descended from the Sabine/Roman goddess named Strina.



In popular folklore Befana visits all the children of Italy on the eve of the Feast of the Epiphany to fill their shoes with candy and presents if they are good. Or a lump of coal or dark candy if they are bad. In many poorer parts of Italy and in particular rural Sicily, a stick in a stocking was placed instead of coal. Being a good housekeeper, many say she will sweep the floor before she leaves.


To some the sweeping meant the sweeping away of the problems of the year. The child's family typically leaves a small glass of wine and a plate with a few morsels of food, often regional or local, for the Befana.

She is usually portrayed as an old lady riding a broomstick through the air wearing a black shawl and is covered in soot because she enters the children's houses through the chimney. She is often smiling and carries a bag or hamper filled with candy, gifts, or both.

She is also referred to as the Christmas Witch.

Christian Legends....
Christian legend had it that Befana was approached by the biblical magi, also known as the Three Wise Men (or the three kings) a few days before the birth of the Infant Jesus. They asked for directions to where the Son of God was, as they had seen his star in the sky, but she did not know. She provided them with shelter for a night, as she was considered the best housekeeper in the village, with the most pleasant home. The magi invited her to join them on the journey to find the baby Jesus, but she declined, stating she was too busy with her housework. Later, La Befana had a change of heart, and tried to search out the astrologers and Jesus. That night she was not able to find them, so to this day, La Befana is searching for the little baby.

Like Santa, She leaves all the good children toys and candy chocolate or fruit, while the bad children get coal.

La Befana’s broom is for more than just transportation - she also willclean up a messy house, and sweep the floors before she leaves for her next stop.

This is probably a good thing, since Befana gets a bit sooty from coming down chimneys, and it’s only polite to clean up after oneself. She may wrap up her visit by indulging in the glass of wine or plate of food left by parents as thanks.